Masters Voice

'His Masters Voice' (HMV) had once published a pamphlet giving the history of gramophone record.

Gramophone was invented by Thomas Alva Edison in the 19th century.

Edison, who had invented many other gadgets like electric light and the motion picture camera, had become a legend even in his own time.

When he invented the gramophone record, which could record human voice for posterity, he wanted to record the voice of an eminent scholar on his first piece.

For that he chose Prof. Max Muller of England (a German by ethnicity), another great personality of the 19th century.

He wrote to Max Muller saying,

“I want to meet you and record your voice. When should I come?”

Max Muller who had great respect for Edison asked him to come on a suitable time when most of the scholars of the Europe would be gathering in England.

 Accordingly, Edison took a ship and went to England. He was introduced to the audience. All cheered Edison’s presence.

Later at the request of Edison, Max Muller came on the stage and spoke in front of the instrument.

Then Edison went back to his laboratory and by afternoon came back with a disc & played it on the gramophone.

The audience was thrilled to hear the voice of Max Muller from the instrument.

They were glad that voices of great persons like Max Muller could be stored for the benefit of posterity.

After several rounds of applause and congratulations to Thomas Edison, Max Muller came to the stage and addressed the scholars and asked them,

“You heard my original voice in the morning. Then you heard the same voice coming out from this instrument in the afternoon. Do you understand what I said in the morning or what you heard in the afternoon?”

The audience fell silent because they could not understand the language in which Max Muller had spoken.

It was ‘Greek and Latin’ to them as they say.

But had it been Greek or Latin, they would have definitely understood because they were from various parts of Europe.

It was in a language which the European scholars had never heard.

Max Muller then explained what he had spoken.

He said that the language he spoke was Sanskrit and it was the first sloka of Rig Veda, which says "Agni Meele Purohitam”

This was the first recorded public version on the gramophone plate.

अग्निमीळे पुरोहितं यज्ञस्य देवं ऋत्वीजम।

होतारं रत्नधातमम।।

(Rig Veda 1.001.01)

Why did Max Muller choose this? 

Addressing the audience he said,

“Vedas are the oldest text of the human race. And “Agni Meele Purohitam” is the first verse of Rig Veda.

In the most primordial time, when the people did not know how even to cover their bodies and lived by hunting and housed in caves, Indians had attained high civilization and they gave the world universal philosophies in the form of the Vedas.”

When “Agni Meele Purohitam” was replayed, the entire audience stood up in silence as a mark of respect.

The verse means :

“Oh Agni, You who gleam in the darkness, to You we come day by day, with devotion and bearing homage. So be of easy access to us, Agni, as a father to his son, abide with us for our well being."

Proud to be part of a truly glorious ancient civilization ...

 following points:

1. Edison 1st recording was his own voice and that is a nursery rhyme "marry had a little lamb".

2.Max Mullar did spoke Agnimeede in London but it may be 1st demo in London or some other time demo, which is not clear. But this is true that he used gramophone and recite Agnimeede but as its not 1st recording therefore got no special meaning.

3. There is no role of HMV as HMV had recorded voice of one human and that voice was used to be heard by his dog( when that man ie master died) and hence company name called as "His Master Voice" -HMV.

So, in short,  this story of Agnimeede is 1st gramophone recording is just a hoax.

Thanks to all and special thanks to our Guruji Sh. H.N Bhat Ji

EIGHT STAGES OF YOGA

Yoga is practiced in eight different stages:

1) Yama

2) Niyama

3) Āsana

4) Prāṇāyāma

5) Pratyāhāra

6) Dhāraṇā

7) Dhyāna

8) Samādhi

But in Kali Yuga, this system of attaining the lotus feet of the Lord, is highly impossible. Hence it is recommended to chant the holy names of the Lord, the Hare Krishna maha-mantra, for very easily and quickly attaining the shelter of the lotus feet of the Lord.

For more, refer Srimad-Bhagavatam 3.27.6

A.M and P.M

All these days, we were made to believe that, the terms A.M. and P.M. stands for :

A.M. - ante meridian

P.M. - post meridian

( _ante_ of *what*) and ( _post_ of *what* ) never clarified ... !!!

(what = the subject

itself is missing)

Now our ancient SAMSKRUTAM texts have blown off the ambiguity and the things are now Crystal clear.

Just take a look:-

A.M. = Aarohanam Marthandasya

P.M. = Pathanam Marthandasya

Explanation:-

The ‘Sun’ who is vital to the calculation remains un-mentioned. This is unthinkable and unjustifiable. That lacuna arises because it is not realized that the letters A.M. and P.M. are the initials of the hoary Sanskrit expressions -

(आरोहणम् मार्तडस्य्) Arohanam Martandasaya

_(i.e. the climbing of the sun)_

and

(पतनम् मार्तडस्य्) Patanam Martandasaya

_(i.e. the falling of the sun)

Indian Medical Knowledge & Surgery.

Ayurveda is the treasure house of Indian medical knowledge & Surgery.

This "knowledge-chest" is a gift to world from the great seers of yore like Bharadwaj, Atreya, Agnikaya, Charaka, Dhanvantari, Susruta and many others. In fact, it is an eternal gift of India to the world.

In Rigveda the verses (1.116.14 & 15), mention that, a woman warrior called "Vishpala" the queen of king Khela.

had been fitted with an artificial Iron leg by the Asvini physicians, when she lost her leg in a war. These physicians were adored for eye transplantation in the next verse.

Indians pioneered surgery ages ago, Suśruta (500B,C) was the World's earliest Surgeon.

He learnt the skills of surgery from Dhanvantari (considered to be God Visnu) and wrote a treatise on surgery and Ayurveda called "Susruta Samhita" which had stood the test of time and is even now being followed.

In his text he had divided the methods of surgery into eight parts:

1. Chedya-cutting

2. Lekbya separating

3. Vidhya-removing the toxic objects from the body. 

4. Ishya-probing the blood capillaries for finding the cause of disease.

5. Abarya kriya-eliminating the production of harmful elements in the body.

6. Visradarya-removing water from the body

7. Cira-suturing

8. Bedbya kriya-making holes and performing surgery

We find the mention of advanced level of surgery. the plastic surgery mostly Rhenoplastary in Susruta Samhita.

There are many references about Caesarean operations. Indians not only performed sur geries, but also studied the human Anatomy by dissecting dead bodies.

In Susruta Samhita, we find many methods of preserving dead bodies for dissection. Susruta had mentioned about 125 surgical instruments in his treatise.

In Bhoja Prabandha (927AD), it had been mentioned that king Bhoja had undergone a surgical treat ment, for getting a tumor removed from the brain.

The King had been administered Anesthesia called "Sammohini" while the surgery was being performed.

Ayurvedic knowledge adopts surgery as a last measure treatment, but it focuses mostly on prevention than cure Today, Western world had understood its potentiality and has become crazy after Ayurvedic technique's.

Madhava's "Nidana Sastra" contains diagnosis of various diseases by observing human gestures and smells that emitted from the body.

ALEXANDER VS PORUS

"After Alexander's failure to gain a position in India & the defeat of Seleucus N,relationships between the Indians & the Greeks & the Romans later,ws mainly through trade & diplomacy.The Greeks & other ancient peoples didnt see themselves as in any way superior, only diff."

This statement by Russia's Marshal Gregory Zhukov on the Macedonian invasion of India in 326 BCE is significant because unlike the prejudiced colonial and Western historians, the Greeks and later Romans viewed Indians differently.

For instance, Arrian writes in Alexander Anabasis that the Indians were the noblest among all Asians. In fact, Arrian and other Greeks say the Indians were relentless in their attacks on the invaders.

They say if the people of Punjab and Sindh were fierce, then in the eastern part of India "the men were superior in stature and courage". All this is glossed over by Western historians, in whose view the one victory over king Porus amounted to the "conquest of India".But the Greeks made no such claim. Greek contemporary writers describe the Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum) as the hardest fought of all Alexander's battles.

Frank Lee Holt, a prof of ancient history at the University of Houston,writes in his book, Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions: "The only reference in Arrian's history to a victory celebration by Alexander's army was after the battle with Porus."Alexander's army did not indulge in celebrations after the Battle of Gaugamela where they defeated 200,000 Persians. No wild festivities were announced after the Battle of Issus where they defeated a mixed force of Persian cavalry and Greek mercenaries. The fact they celebrated after the Battle of Hydaspes suggests they considered themselves extremely lucky to survive after the clash with the Hindu army, with its elephant corps.

According to the Greeks, Alexander was apparently so impressed by Porus he gave back his kingdom plus the territories of king Ambhi of Taxila who had fought alongside the Macedonians. But This is counterintuitive. Ambhi had become Alexander's ally on the condition he would be given Porus' kingdom. So why reward the enemy, whose army had just mauled the Macedonians?

The only possible answer is at the Battle of Hydaspes,the Macedonians realised they were dealing with an enemy of uncommon valour. Sensing defeat they called for a truce, which Porus accepted.

The Indian king struck a bargain in return for Ambhi's territories, which would secure his frontiers, Porus would assist the Macedonians in leaving India safely.

Alexander's post-Hydaspes charitable behaviour, as per Greek accounts, is uncharacteristic and unlikely.

For, in battles before and after, he massacred everyone in the cities he subdued.

Description of the War.

The Greek force, after having lost several thousand soldiers fighting much smaller Indian mountain cities, were terrified at the prospect of fighting the Paurava army.

They had also heard about the havoc that Indian war elephants were supposed to create among enemy ranks. The modern equivalent of battle tanks, the war elephants also scared the wits out of the horses in the Greek cavalry. According to the Roman historian Marcus Justinus, the battle was savagely fought.Puru challenged Alexander, who charged him on horseback.

In the ensuing duel, Alexander fell off his horse and was at the mercy of the Indian king's spear (and this is where legend meets history) when Puru perhaps remembered his promise to his rakhi sister (probably a Trojan horse sent in by the Greeks).

He spared the Macedonian's life, and Alexander's bodyguards quickly carried off their king. The Greeks may claim victory but if Alexander's troops were so badly mauled by the petty regional fiefdoms, how could they have crushed the comparatively stronger army of Puru?

An unbiased re-examination of suggests the Greeks had lost the battle.

In his epic, The Life Exploits of Alexander,a series of translations of the Ethiopic histories of Alexander, E.A.W. Budge, Egyptologist, orientalist & philologist, has given a vivid account of same.

According to Budge, in the Battle of Hydaspes the Indians destroyed the majority of Alexander's cavalry? Realising that if he were to continue fighting he would be completely ruined, the Macedonian requested Puru to stop fighting.

True to Hindu traditions, the magnanimous Indian king spared the life of the surrendered enemy. A peace treaty was signed & Alexander helped Puru in annexing other territories to his kingdom.

First Battle Of Tarain

In 1191, Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori, leading an army of 120,000 men and horses, invaded India through the Khyber Pass and was successful in reaching Punjab.

Chauhan had a larger army of 200000 men and 300 elephants. The two armies met at the town of Tarain, near Thanesar, in present-day Haryana, 150 kilometres north of Delhi.

Ghori could not handle Prithviraj’s forces and was captured as a war prisoner after being defeated.

Prithviraj showed mercy on him and let him return to Afghanistan, much against the wishes of his wife Samyukta and his ministers.

Infact, Prithviraj’s mother had warned him about her dream of an invader.

This one mistake made India ruled by invaders until 1947 CE.

Some World Heritage sculptures from Bharat

Ancient Indians Inventions & Discoveries

India Gifted To The World

Earth's orbit (700 AD)

Hindu cosmological time cycles found in the Surya Siddhanta, written between 700 BC to 600 AD, give the time it takes the Earth to revolve around the Sun at 365.2563627 days. This is just a miniscule 1.4 seconds longer than the modern value of 365.256363004 days, and was the most accurate estimate in the world for over a thousand years.

Ancient Dentistry (7000 BC)

According to historians, the Indus Valley Civilization has revealed evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. One dig site in Mehrgarh even showed evidence of healers curing tooth disorders with bow drills. 

Ayurveda (5000 BC)

Ayurveda, obviously, came from the Indian subcontinent, having been tracked as far back as 5000 BC. Therapies generally include complex herbal compounds, minerals and metal substances.

Ancient flush toilet systems (2500 BC)

Another feature of the Indus Valley Civilization was water-flushed toilets. Both in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, almost every home had a flush toilet, connected to a sophisticated sewage system. 

Ruler (2400 BC)

Areas of the Indus Valley Civilization in both now-Pakistan and Western India have had rulers of ivory uncovered from ruins. One such specimen was even calibrated to 1/16 of an inch—less than 2 millimeters. Tese kinds of rulers were clearly very prominent, as even bricks of the valley’s buildings were found to follow the same measurements. 

Weighing scale (2400BC)

The earliest existence of weighing scales also date back to between 2400 BC-1800 BC in the Indus valley civilization, where balances were used to compare measure and compare goods in trade. 

Plastic surgery (2000 BC)

Historians believe plastic surgery was being carried out in India as early as near 2000 BC. To clarify, plastic in this phrase doesn’t refer to the petroleum byproduct but to plastikē or "the art of modelling" malleable flesh. Eventually, it was ancient Indian physician Sushruta who was credited with being the father of plastic surgery around 600 BC, whose books and teachings eventually made their way to Europe centuries later.

Pythagorean theorem (700 BC)

Mesopotamian, Indian and Chinese mathematicians all discovered Pythagoras’ namesake theorem independently long before he ever did. In India, the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra between about 800 BC to 500 BC contains a statement of the Pythagorean theorem as well as geometrical proof for an isosceles right triangle.

Crucible steel (200BC)

Historians now know that by at least 200 BC (a conservative estimate) South India was producing high quality steel, using a method Europeans would later call the crucible technique. Wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed together and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon, forming high grade steel.

Cataract surgery (200 AD)

Indian physicians were known to practice a different kind of cataract surgery that that known to the Greeks in about 200 BC. It was performed with a tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision. Greek scientists of the time travelled to India to see these surgeries, and the technique was even introduced into China from our country.

Spinning wheel (500 AD)

This mechanised method of spinning yarn was invented in India, between 500 and 1000 AD, eventually replacing hand spinning across the world. The Charkha, as it came to be called, eventually went on to become the symbol of India’s independence movement.

Puri Ratha Yatra

Ratha Yatra is a huge Hindu festival and it is organized each year at famous Jagannatha temple in Puri, Odisha, India. Ratha Yatra day is decided based on Hindu Lunar calendar and it is fixed on Dwitiya Tithi during Shukla Paksha of Ashada month. Currently it falls in month of June or July in Gregorian calendar.

Lord Jagannatha is worshipped primarily in city of Puri at famous Jagannatha temple. Lord Jagannatha is considered a form of Lord Vishnu and also revered by the followers of Vaishnavism. Jagannatha literally means Lord of the Universe. Jagannatha temple is one of the four Hindu pilgrimage centers known as Char Dham pilgrimages that a Hindu is expected to make in one's lifetime. Lord Jagannatha is worshipped along with his brother Balabhadra and his sister Devi Subhadra.

Ratha Yatra commemorates Lord Jagannatha's annual visit to Gundicha (गुंडीचा) Mata temple. It is said that to honor the devotion of Queen Gundicha, wife of the legendary King Indradyumna (इन्द्रद्युमना) who built the Puri Jagannatha temple, the Lord Jagannatha, Balabhadra and Subhadra leave their regular abode in the main temple and spend a few days in this temple built by Gundicha in their honor.

One day before of Ratha Yatra, Gundicha Temple is cleaned by devotees of Lord Jagannatha. The ritual of cleaning Gundicha temple is known as Gundicha Marjana (मार्जन) and is held one day before Ratha Yatra.

The fourth day after Ratha Yatra is celebrated as Hera Panchami (हेरा पञ्चमी) when Goddess Lakshmi, the consort of Lord Jagannatha, visits Gundicha temple in search of Lord Jagannatha. Hera Panchami should not be confused with Panchami Tithi as Hera Panchami is celebrated on the fourth day after Ratha Yatra and usually observed on Shashthi Tithi.

After resting eight days in Gundicha temple Lord Jagannatha returns to his main abode. This day is known as Bahuda (बहुदा) Yatra or Return Yatra and is observed on the eighth day after Ratha Yatra on Dashami Tithi (if we do not have any skipped or leaped Tithi during Lords' stay in Gundicha temple). During Bahuda Yatra Lord makes a short stoppage at Mausi Maa temple which is dedicated to Goddess Ardhashini.

It should be noted that Lord Jagannatha returns to his main abode just before Devshayani Ekadashi when Lord Jagannatha goes to sleep for four months. Ratha Yatra is also known as Puri Car Festival among foreign visitors.

It should be noted that rituals of Ratha Yatra start much ahead of Ratha Yatra day. Approximately 18 days before of Ratha Yatra Lord Jagannatha, his brother Balabhadra and his sister Devi Subhadra are given famous ceremonial bath which is known as Snana Yatra. Snana Yatra day is observed on Purnima Tithi in Jyeshtha month which is popularly known as Jyestha Purnima.

Nag Panchami

Shukla Paksha Panchami during Sawan month is observed as Nag Panchami. Usually Nag Panchami day falls two days after Hariyali Teej. Currently Nag Panchami falls in month of July and August in English calendar. Women worship Nag Devta and offer milk to snakes on this day. Women also pray for the wellness of their brothers and family.

Nag Panchami is a traditional worship of serpent Gods observed by Hindus throughout India. In Hindu calendar, some days are considered significant to worship serpent Gods and Panchami Tithi especially during Shravan month is considered highly auspicious to worship serpent Gods. Nag Panchami is one of those significant days and it observed on Shukla Paksha Panchami during Shravana month.

It is believed that any Puja offered to snakes would reach to the serpent Gods. Hence people worship live snakes on the day as representative of serpents Gods who are revered and worshipped in Hinduism. Although there are several serpent Gods, following twelve are worshipped during Nag Panchami Puja -

1. Ananta

2. Vasuki

3. Shesha

4. Padma

5. Kambala

6. Karkotaka

7. Ashvatara

8. Dhritarashtra

9. Shankhapala

10. Kaliya

11. Takshaka

12. Pingala

 Nag Panchami Puja Mantra

सर्वे नागाः प्रीयन्तां मे ये केचित् पृथ्वीतले।

ये च हेलिमरीचिस्था येऽन्तरे दिवि संस्थिताः॥

ये नदीषु महानागा ये सरस्वतिगामिनः।

ये च वापीतडगेषु तेषु सर्वेषु वै नमः॥

• Mantra Translation - May the snakes who are staying in this world, sky, heaven, sun-rays, lakes, wells, ponds etc. bless us and we all salute them.

अनन्तं वासुकिं शेषं पद्मनाभं च कम्बलम्।

शङ्ख पालं धृतराष्ट्रं तक्षकं कालियं तथा॥

एतानि नव नामानि नागानां च महात्मनाम्।

सायङ्काले पठेन्नित्यं प्रातःकाले विशेषतः।

तस्य विषभयं नास्ति सर्वत्र विजयी भवेत्॥

• Mantra Translation - The names of nine Nag Devtas are Ananta, Vasuki, Shesha, Padmanabha, Kambala, Shankhapala, Dhritarashtra, Takshaka and Kaliya. If chanted regularly every day in the morning, will keep you protected from all evils and make you victorious in life.

Shree Goswami Tulsidas

Tulsidas (1497-1623 C.E.) was a Hindu saint and the poet. Tulsidas is renowned for his great devotion towards Lord Rama. Tulsidas composed several works but he is best known as the author of the epic Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana in the vernacular Awadhi language.

Tulsidas was acclaimed to be a reincarnation of Maharishi Valmiki, the composer of the original Ramayana in Sanskrit. He is also considered to be the composer of Hanuman Chalisa, a popular devotional hymn in Awadhi dedicated to Lord Hanuman.

Tulsidas spent most of his life in the city of Varanasi. The famous Tulsi Ghat on the Ganges River in Varanasi is named after him. The famous Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to God Hanuman is believed to be founded by Tulsidas.

According to Hindu lunar calendar, Tulsidas was born on Shravana, Shukla Paksha Saptami and this day is observed as birth anniversary of Poet Tulsidas. 

Largest empires in Bharath History

1.King vikramaditya —  whole Asia

 King Vikramaditya made Ujjain his capital, in present-day Madhya Pradesh. He almost ruled whole Asia .    Vikramaditya  empire controlled many parts of Modern day China, Entire Middle   East and Many Parts of South East Asia. Vikramaditya king defeated Rome’s  Julius Caesar in battle and defeated Shakas

NOTE :

This king not from Gupta Empire and Chalukya dynasty because 14 kings in India named as Vikramaditya after seeing his power and achievement .

2.  Karkota dynasty — 7 million sq. kms

 Karkota dynasty ruled  over 7 million sq. kms. Parihaspur  was built by Lalitaditya Muktapida and served as the capital of Kashmir during his reign. Durlabhvardhana was the founder of the Karkota dynasty. The Undefeated Ruler of Kashmir who defeated Islamic invaders & ruled till Caspian Sea  .He captured parts of Central Asia and North india. His empire extended from Tibet to Iran and Turkistan. He was later able to create an empire based on Kashmir and covering most of Northern India and Central Asia including most parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bactria , Iran, Nepal,Tibet, Turkistan and Soghdiana.  Lalitaditya Muktapida only one king from Karkota dynasty who expanded the Karkota dynasty

3. Maurya Empire —5 million sq. kms

Maurya Empire  size is  5 million sq. kms.  ,they have  permanent  capital city  which was Pataliputra, in present-day Bihar. Maurya Empire   to reign over a realm stretching from present-day Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east and half of India . Ashoka was  grandson of Chandragupta Maurya  and Chandragupta Maurya  defeated Seleucus in India. Maurya Empire  covered part of  India, Bangladesh , Pakistan , Nepal and Afghanistan .The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, with help from Chanakya. Chandragupta Maurya   and Ashoka  this two king from Maruya  empire who Extent of Maurya Empire.

4. Pala Empire —4.6 million sq.kms 

 Pala Empire size is  4.6 million sq.kms . Pala Empire  covered part of Afghanistan ,Bangladesh , India, Nepal and Pakistan . They  have  capital city  which was  Bikrampur, Pataliputra  , Gauda,  Monghyr  and Somapura .Pala Empire empire stretched from Assam and Utkala in the east ,Kamboja (modern day Afghanistan) in the north-west and Deccan in the south.  Gopala  who is founded the Pala Empire and  Deva Pala who Extent of Pala Empire .

5.  Gupta Empire    —3.5 million sq.km

Gupta empire  size is   3.5 million sq.kms . They  have  permanent  capital city  which was Pataliputra, in present-day Bihar. Chandra Gupta I was founded the Gupta empire  and Gupta empire  region extended from the Himalayas in the north to the Krishna and Godavari Rivers in the south; and from Balkh (Afghanistan) in the west to Brahmaputra River in the east. Gupta empire  covered  part of India ,Pakistan, Bangladesh  ,Myanmar and Nepal . Samudragupta  only this  king from Gupta empire Who expanded the Gupta Empire.

6.  Maratha Empire — 2.8 million sq. kms

 Maratha Empire size is 2.8 million sq. kms. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was founder and first emperor  of the Maratha Empire.  Maratha Empire extending from Bengal in the east to Attock and Sindh in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south.  The capital city is Raigad, Jinji, Satara and  Pune in present-day Maharashtra. Chhatrapati  Shivaji and Bajirao  this two king from Maratha Empire who expanded the maratha empire.

7. Kushan Empire  —2.5 million sq. kms 

Kushan Empire area is  2.5 million sq. kms. Kujula Kadphises was founded of Kushan Empire. The Kushan Empire, a realm that covered much of present-day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and China(Yarkand now in the xinjiang region of china). Kushan Empire  ruled over most of the northern Indian subcontinent and parts of Central Asia. The capital city of this empire was  Peshawar (Pakistan) , Bagram (Afghanistan) , Taxila (Pakistan)  and Mathura (Uttar Pradesh, India). Vima Kadphises   and Kanishka I this two king from Kushan Empire who expanded the Kushan Empire.

8. Rai dynasty—1.5 million sq. kms

Rai dynasty area size is 1.5 million sq. kms  .Adi Rai was founded of Rai dynasty and capital city is Arror (Pakistan)    . Rai dynasty extended from Kashmir in the east, Makran and Debal port (modern Karachi) in the west, Surat port in the south, and the Kandahar, Sulaiman, Ferdan and Kikanan hills in the north. Rai Diwa ji (Devaditya)  only one king from Rai dynasty who expanded the Rai dynasty.

9. Mahameghavahana dynasty —1.3 million sq. kms

Mahameghavahana dynasty area size is  1.3 million sq. kms  .they  capital city is Kalinganagara  present-day Odisha . Mahameghavahana dynasty empire included large parts of eastern and central India. It corresponds to present-day northern Telangana, northeastern Andhra Pradesh, most of Odisha, and a portion of Madhya Pradesh states.

10. Rashtrakuta dynasty  —1.2 million sq. kms

Rashtrakuta  dynasty area size is  1.2 million sq. kms. They have  permanent  capital city is Mayurkhandi in present-day Karnataka . Rashtrakuta  dynasty extended from Cape Comorin in the south to Kannauj in the north, from Banaras in the east to Broach (Bharuch) in the west .Rashtrakuta kingdom included the modern state of Karnataka in its entirety along with parts of the current Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Govinda III  only one king from Rashtrakuta  dynasty who expanded the Rashtrakuta  dynasty. 

11. Pushyabhuti dynasty — 1 million sq. kms

Pushyabhuti dynasty area size is  1 million sq. kms. Pushyabhuti dynasty Empire covered much of North and Northwestern India, extended East till Kamarupa, and South until Narmada River.  Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled over a vast territory consisting of eastern Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa under their control. The capital city of this empire was  Thanesar in present-day Haryana and another capital city of this empire was Kannauj in present-day Uttar Pradesh. Harshavardhana  only one king from Pushyabhuti dynasty who expanded the Pushyabhuti dynasty.

12. Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty — 1 million sq. kms 

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty area size is   1 million sq. kms Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty Empire covered much of western and northern India. They capital city is Ujjain in present-day  Madhya Pradesh and another  capital city is Kannauj in present-day Uttar Pradesh. Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty extended to Narmada River in the South, Sutlej River in the northwest, and up to Bengal in the east. It extended over a large area from the foot of the Himalayas up to the river Narmada and included the present district of Etawah in Uttar Pradesh. Mihira Bhoja only one king from Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty who expanded the  Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

13. chola  dynasty — 1 million sq. kms 

chola  dynasty area size is  1 million sq. kms  . chola  dynasty empire  covered part of half of south India ( expect north Karnataka and   Telangana they  area ruled by Chalukya dynasty )  , south west Bengal ,  South Odisha ,South Thailand , Java & Sumatra (only two island of Indonesia), Singapore and  Malaysia  (Malay Peninsula ) .     The capital city of this empire was    Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur  and Gangaikonda Cholapuram in present-day Tamil nadu. Rajaraja I and  Rajendra Chola I this two king from chola  dynasty who expanded the   chola  dynasty.

14. Chalukya dynasty— 0.6 million sq. kms

Chalukya dynasty area size is  0.6 million sq. kms  .They  have permanent  capital city is Badami in present-day Karnataka.   Chalukya dynasty extended from the Kosala and Kalinga (Bay of Bengal) in the east, to Konkana in the west, the river Narmada in the north and up to river Cauveri in the south. Their domain included the whole of present day Karnataka, Maharashtra, parts of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and parts of Tamil Nadu. Pulakeshin II only one king from Chalukya dynasty who expanded the  Chalukya dynasty.

15. Vijayanagara Empire — 0.6 million sq. kms Vijayanagara Empire  area size is 0.6  million sq. kms. Vijayanagara Empire Empire covered much  almost the entire South India . There  capital city is Hampi & Vijayanagara( Karnataka) , Penukonda (Andhra Pradesh) , Chandragiri(Andhra Pradesh)  and Vellore(Tamil nadu ) . Vijayanagara Empire empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the east. Bukka I and Krishnadevaraya this two king from Vijayanagara Empire   who expanded the    Vijayanagara Empire   

16. Nanda Empire — 0.5 million sq. kms

 Nanda Empire   area size is 0.5  million sq. kms.  Mahapadma Nanda was the founder of Nanda Empire in . Mahapadma Nanda was the first historical emperor of  India. They have  permanent    capital city  of which was Pataliputra, in present-day Bihar. Nanda Empire  extended from the Kuru, near Punjab, in the north to the Godavari valley in the south and from Magadha in the east to the Narmada on the west. Mahapadma Nanda  only one king from Nanda Empire who expanded the  Nanda Empire.

17. Satavahana dynasty  — 0.5 million sq. kms Satavahana dynasty  area size is  0.5  million sq. kms. Simuka Satavahana  is founder of satavahana dynasty . They are  capital city is Paithan in present-day Maharashtra and another capital city is Amaravathi in present-day Andhra Pradesh . Satavahana dynasty extended  from Krishna in the south to Malwa and Saurashtra in the north and from Berar in the east to the Konkan in the west. The Satavahana kingdom mainly comprised the present-day Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. At different times, their rule extended to parts of modern Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka. Gautamiputra Satakarni only one king from Satavahana dynasty  who expanded the  Satavahana dynasty.

18. Magadha Empire— 0.5 million sq. kms

Magadha Empire area size is  0.5  million sq. kms  .Magadha Empire was bounded on the north by the river Ganges, on the east by the river Champa, on the south by the Chota Nagpur Plateau, and on the west by the Son River. Jarasandha  was  founded the Magadha empire. They are  capital city is Rajgir in present-day Bihar and another capital city is Patna Rajgir in present-day Bihar.

19. Gajapati Empire— 0.4 million sq. kms

Gajapati Empire area size is  0.4  million sq. kms . The Gajapatis were ruled over Kalinga (the present day Odisha), large parts of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, and the eastern and central parts of Madhya Pradesh and the southern parts of Bihar. Gajapatis became an empire stretching from the lower Ganga in the north to the Kaveri in the south. Kapilendra Deva  was the founder of Gajapati dynasty.  They have  permanent    capital city  of which was Cuttack the present day Odisha.

20. Eastern Ganga dynasty— 0.4 million sq. kms Eastern Ganga dynasty area size is  0.4  million sq. kms   .Eastern Ganga dynasty  consisted of the whole of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha as well as major parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.[3] The early rulers of the dynasty ruled from Dantapuram; the capital was later moved to Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam), and ultimately to Kataka (modern Cuttack).

NOTE 

Several empires in world history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Possible ways of measuring size include area, population, economy, and power. The list is not exhaustive owing to a lack of available data for several empires; for this reason and because of the inherent uncertainty in the area estimates, no rankings are given.

Secrets of the Peepal Tree

Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent. It is also known as the bodhi tree, pippala tree, peepul tree, peepal tree, pipal tree or ashwattha tree. The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in three major religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent, Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Lord Krishna has said in Gita- Amongst trees I am the peepul tree (sacred fig tree)

Hindu and Jain ascetics consider the tree to be sacred and often meditate under them. This is the tree under which Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment. The sacred fig is the state tree of the Indian states of Odisha and Haryana.

According to the science of Ayurveda, every part of the peepal tree - the leaf, bark, shoot, seeds and its fruit has several medicinal benefits, and it is being used since ancient times to cure many diseases:

For blood purification:

Take one to two gm of Peepal seeds powder and take it with honey twice a day and it will purify the blood. In the gastric-related blood disorders take 40 ml kwath and five gms of honey for best results.

For Asthma:

Take a bark of plant and its ripe fruits. Make their powder separately and mix them in equal quantities. In take of this mixture thrice in a day is very effective in this problem. Make a powder of dry fruits of peepal and take it with two to three grams of water for 14 days twice a day and this will prove very effective.

For tooth disease:

Take barks of both peepal and banian tree in equal quantity and mix them well and boil the mixture in hot water. Use it for rinsing in the mouth and it will cure teeth pain.

For eye pain:

Take the milk of the leaves of the plant and apply on the eye. It will cure eye pains

For Hiccups:

Take 50-100 gms bark of peepal and make tis charcoal and extinguish it in water. The intake of this water is very useful for patients of Hiccups.

For Swelling in Spline:

Take 10-20 gms of peepal bark and burn it out and add equal quantity of Kalmi Shora and pour it in ripe banana and eat one such banana each day and it will cure swelling of spline swelling

Time Travel In Bharat

The mythology of time travel is extensive and far reaching. While the idea of an actual "time machine" wasn't conceived until the late 1800's, you can find legends and stories that features a hero traveling to the past or future in a magical, fantastical way. I thought I would share with you one of those stories that we’ll be touching upon in the documentary.

Mahabharata, 400BC

One of the very first time travel stories that have been recorded in history appears in the Hindu epic, Mahabharata– speculated to be written as early as 400BC. The story follows a king, his daughter, and their search for a perfect suitor.

Revati was the only daughter of King Kakudmi, a powerful monarch who ruled Kusasthali, a prosperous and advanced kingdom under the sea. Thinking no one could prove to be good enough to marry his beautiful daughter, Kakudmi took Revati with him to Brahmaloka, the home of Brahma, to ask the god's advice about finding a suitable husband for husband for her.

Brahma was listening to a musical performance when they arrived, and so they waited patiently until the performance was finished. Finally, King Kakudmi humbly bowed and made his request:

“O Brahmâ! To whom shall I betroth this daughter? I have come to you to ask on this point I have searched for many princes and seen also a good many of them and none of them is to my liking and so my mind is not at rest.”

Brahma laughed at the foolishness of the King.

“O King! The princes that you thought would become the bridegroom of your daughter, all died; their sons and grandsons and their friends even have all passed away.”

Time, Brahma goes on to explain, runs differently on different planes of existence. During the time they had waited in Brahmaloka to see him, 27 chatur-yugas, had passed on Earth. Everything that Kakudmi had and owned, his friends and family, his sons and wife, his armies and treasures, had vanished with the time that had passed. The King and his daughter were overcome with astonishment and grief for everything they had lost, but Brahma comforted them, and recommended a worthy husband currently on earth: Balarama, the twin brother of Krishna.

What is really interesting though, is how similar their view of time was 2500 years ago to how physicists and astronomers conceptualize space-time today. In Einstein’s theory of relativity, time is relative to the observer’s frame of reference- it depends on the observer’s motion and strength of gravity. For instance, one could argue that time here on earth runs slower than in space because gravity slows the passage of time.

Hindu philosophy was familiar with the concept that time is relative and many passages on the Vedic scriptures continuously point out that the cosmic time of the gods is different than the time on earth.

Were King Kakudmi and his daughter two unwitting time travelers? What they thought were just minutes in front god Brahma, millennia had taken place at home. When they came back, they did so to a vastly different place.

Today, we so often think of time as an arrow moving in one direction, with a beginning, middle and end. But I think it is interesting to look at different cultures and how they view time. Their perceptions help us look at time, and the idea of time travel, a little bit differently.

Water on Mars -Varahamihira

Varahamihira- Indian scientist and mathemetician

We heard about NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) founding the “strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars,” something, which triggered hope of finding the historical footprints of Martian history.

Prophecy on Mars by Varahamihira

But, what if, we told you that its presence was already predicted almost 1500 years back from now? Shocked? Then this might make you sit up- an Indian had let this prophecy!

Facts about Varahamihira

Varāhamihira, an Indian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer, from Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India, son of Adityadasa (an astronomer himself) in his book made insights on and about ‘space and universe’, which have shocked the scientists of today.

Varahamihira's contribution to world

Those of you, who failed to recognize him, Varāhamihira is the one whose mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formula!


Great scholar

But, the calculations and revelations that we are going to share with you are about the discovery of water on Mars. Read on to know...

Panchasiddhantika

Born in year 505, Varāhamihira brew his knowledge on mathematics and astronomy from Kapitthaka. Among his famous works, Panchasiddhantika (The Five Astronomical Canons) dated back to 575 AD, holds prime importance.

Diameter of planets

Panchasiddhantika includes, Surya Siddhanta, an astronomical treatise which explains or determines the true motions of the luminaries. Under this work, Varāhamihira has also explained the estimated diameters of the planets, like, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter.

Surya siddhanta

Surya Siddhanta also carries calculations on and about solar eclipses and lunar eclipses, its color and portion as well.


Mar's diameter prediction

Apart from the estimated diameter, which was calculated to be 3,772 miles (that has an error within 11% of the currently accepted diameter of 4,218 miles), Varāhamihira also predicted the presence of water on Mars.

Smt. Neera Arya (05-03-1902 / 26-07-1998)

 The brave woman who let her “Breast” cutoff to protect Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose!

She married Srikont Joironjon Das who was a CID Inspector in the British police. While Neera Arya was a true nationalist her husband was a true British servant. Being a patriot Neera joined the Jhansi Regiment of Indian National Army led by Subhash Chandra Bose. Neera’s husband Inspector Srikont Joironjon Das was spying on Subhash Chandra Bose and Joironjon Das once opened fire on Bose but fortunately, Bose escaped unhurt. In order to save Subhash Bose, Neera stabbed her husband to death.

However, after surrender of the I.N.A. a trial took place (Nov-1945 & May-1946) in the Red Fort, all the prisoners were released, except Neera. She was transported to Cellur Jail, Andaman where she was tortured every day.

A Blacksmith came to remove the Iron Chains & Fetters and he intentionally cut-off a bit of her skin and hit her legs with a hammer 2-3 times. She endured the excruciating pain.

The Jailer who was watching the sadistic game offered to release Neera, if she reveals the whereabouts of Subhash Bose. Neera replied that Bose died in a plane crash and the entire world knows about it. The Jailer refused to believe and replied, u’re lying & Bose is still alive; thereupon Neera said "Yes, he’s alive, he lives in my heart!" The jailer got furious and said, “Then we will remove Bose from your heart” The jailer touched her inappropriately & tore her cloths apart and ordered the blacksmith to chop off her breast. The blacksmith immediately took the breast ripper & started crushing her right breast. The savagery didn't stop there, the jailer held her neck & said I'll take off both your 'balloons' out of your chest. He further said with a barbaric smile "this breast ripper is not heated or else your breast would’ve already been chopped off".

Neera Arya spent her last days of her life selling flowers and she lived in a small cottage in Falaknuma, Bhagyanagaram. The government of 'independent' (?) India demolished her cottage alleging that it was constructed on a Govt land.

Neera Arya died on  26-07-1998 as a destitute, unwept & unsung.

I bet, the majority of our people are blissfully unaware of all this .... and the Nation continues to sing the exalted glory of Gandhi & Nehru

RANI ABBAKKA OF ULLALA IN KARNATAKA

The year was 1555. Portuguese colonial power was at its peak in the 1500’s. They destroyed Zamorins of Calicut. Defeated the Sultan of Bijapur. Took away Daman from the Sultan of Gujarat, Established a colony in Mylapore, Captured Bombay and made Goa as their headquarters. And while they were at it, pretty much unchallenged, they even ruined the ancient Kapaleeswarar Temple to build a Church over it.

Their next target, the super profitable port of Mangalore.

Their only bad luck, just 14 kilometers south of Mangalore was the small settlement of Ullal - ruled then by a feisty 30 year old woman - Rani Abbakka Chowta.

Initially, they took her lightly and sent a few boats and soldiers to capture and bring her back to Goa - Those boats never came back.

Shocked and enraged, they sent a huge fleet of ships this time, under the command of much celebrated Admiral Dom Álvaro da Silveira - The admiral soon returned, badly injured and empty handed.

Thereafter, another Portuguese fleet was sent - only a few injured from the crew managed to make it back.

Then the Portuguese went on to capture the Mangalore port and the fort anyways, perhaps planning to tackle Rani Abbakka Chowta from the convenient distance of the Mangalore fort.

After the successful capture of Mangalore, a huge army under João Peixoto, an experienced Portuguese General was sent to Ullal.

The brief was simple: Subjugate Ullal and capture Abbakka Chowta.

The plan was foolproof- there was no way a 30 year old lady with a few men could withstand the might of an army of thousands with advanced weapons.

The Portuguese reached Ullal and found it deserted. Abbakka was nowhere in sight. 

They roamed around, relaxed and thanked their stars - Just when they were about to call it a victory - Mrs Chowta attacked with 200 of her chosen men - there was chaos all around and many portuguese lost their lives even without a fight 

General João Peixoto was assassinated, 70 Portuguese were captured and the rest just ran away.

So if you’re Abbakka Chowta, who’s just defeated a large army of aggressors, killed a general, captured fighters and defended her city - What will you do? 

- Rest and enjoy the moment right? 

- Right? 

- No!

Rani Abbakka Chowta, rode with her men towards Mangalore that same night, and laid a siege of the Mangalore fort - She not just broke inside the fort successfully - but assassinated Admiral Mascarenhas the Chief of the Portuguese power there and forced the remaining Portuguese to vacate the fort.

She didn’t just stop at this but went on to even capture the Portuguese settlement at Kundapura, a full 100 kms, north of Mangalore - Just to make a point.

The Portuguese finally managed to get back at Abbakka Chowta by convincing her estranged husband, to betray for money. She was arrested and put in the prison where she revolted again and was killed while trying to escape.

Abbakka Chowta was a Jain who fought against the Portuguese for four decades, with an army comprising of both Hindus and Muslims, a full 300 years before the First War of Indian Independence in 1857.

What did we Indians do to her, as a mark of our respect and gratitude? - We just forgot her.

We didn’t name our girls after her. We didn’t even teach her stories to our kids. 

Yes we did release a Postal Stamp in her name, named a boat after her and erected 2 statues - yes just 2 statues in the whole of India for someone who should be our national hero. 

The Indian Coast Guard ship ICGS Rani Abbakka the 1st of a series of five inshore patrol vessels built at Hindustan Shipyard Ltd is named after Abbakka Mahadevi.

We might have got to read a chapter about her in our text books, had she been a European or an American.

Many talk about her being the last Indian to have the power of the agni-ban. In all this cacophony, our generation has lost a great hero - a great source of inspiration.

Still wondering why you’ve not heard about her yet?

Onake Obavva

Chitradurga, which is situated amidst towering boulders and hillocks, is a small town in Karnataka, India.

The Nayaka Dynasty once ruled this rocky terrain for about 250 years between the 1550s and 1700s. During the late-1700s, the Chitradurga kingdom lay in between two great powers — the Maratha kingdom in the north, ruled by Peshwa Madhav Rao, and the Mysore kingdom in the south, ruled by Hyder Ali.

During the reign of the last Nayaka ruler of Chitradurga, Hyder Ali tried to lay siege and attacked the fort multiple times. The fort was so well built that it was impregnable, and the initial attacks by Hyder Ali were unsuccessful.

One day, a soldier in Hyder Ali’s army saw a person entering the fort through a small crevice between the rocks surrounding the fort. The hole was big enough for only one person to crawl through at a time. With this piece of information, Hyder Ali decided to attempt another siege by sending his soldiers through this crevice into the fort.

A sentry of Chitradurga was guarding the crevice inside the fort. His name was Kahale Mudda Hanuma, and his wife’s name was Obavva.

One afternoon when Kahale Mudda Hanuma was at home for lunch, Obavva went out to fetch a pot of drinking water.

On her way back, she saw one of Hyder Ali’s soldiers entering the fort from the crevice. Thinking quickly, Obavva took an Onake or a pestle (a long wooden device used for pounding paddy and other grains) and struck him on his head, killing him instantly.

Anticipating more soldiers, Obavva hid the dead soldier’s body and stood guard at the crevice. A lone woman with no prior training in the art of war did not deter her from this situation.

True to her anticipation, more soldiers crawled into the fort through the crevice. She struck every soldier one after the other, as they entered through the hole, and dragged each dead soldier’s body aside.

When Kahale Mudda Hanuma returned after lunch, he was stunned to see a bloodied Onake in Obavva’s hand and a pile of dead soldiers on the side. He immediately sounded the war alarm and warned the others to prepare for battle.

Obavva died the same day of this incident, but the actual reason for her death remains unknown.

Although Obavva’s heroic act delayed Hyder Ali’s siege on the fort, the last Nayaka ruler lost to Hyder Ali. And Mysore conquered the Chitradurga fort.

Neither losing the war, nor Obavva’s death could mar her achievement. Obavva had no prior experience in warfare. But, she rose to the situation, used whatever little resource she had, and displayed exemplary resolve and courage to prevent enemies from entering the fort. In doing so, she has given us a lesson not to get discouraged and face any challenge thrown at us with courage and determination.

History refers to her as Onake Obavva. The crevice she was once guarding is now called Obavvanna Kindi (Kindi means crevice in Kannada), and Chitradurga has a stadium named after her. The legend of Onake Obavva continues to marvel both kids and adults alike

India’s Youngest Spy In The INA

  Saraswathi Rajamani

It is widely known that women’s contributions to social change throughout history have been subject to the blatant erasure of facts, so much so that all important moments in history appear to have been manifested by men. It becomes increasingly necessary to take a careful glimpse back into history to ensure that women’s achievements are not dismissed, that they were as much a part of enabling positive social change as their counterparts who are men. Today, we talk about Saraswathi Rajamani, an Indian spy.

 the year 1927, Saraswathi Rajamani was born into an affluent family in Myanmar. Her home environment was considerably liberal, and she thus had more freedom to explore and learn things that many young Indian women would not be allowed to practice. With a father who greatly admired freedom fighters, she grew up in an intensely patriotic environment. In 1937, upon a visit to her house, Mahatma Gandhi found 10-year old Saraswathi polishing her shooting skills! Having asked her why a little child needs to know how to use a gun, she replied simply, “To shoot down the Britishers, of course.“

Despite Gandhi’s efforts in fostering in her the value of ‘ahimsa’ (non-violence), she was always convinced that a non-violent struggle would not be as effective as a violent one. She replied, “We shoot and kill the looters, don’t we? The British are looting India, and I am going to shoot at least one Britisher when I grow up.” Following her beliefs, she eventually gravitated to the methods of obtaining freedom that Subhas Chandra Bose advocated for. His methods resonated with her deeply, and she adopted the slogan, “Tum mujhe khoon do or main tumhe azadi dunga (You give me blood, and I will give you freedom)." 

At the age of 16, Saraswathi Rajamani was inspired by Subhas Chandra Bose, his unapologetic demeanour, and his powerful speech on taking up arms against the British. On his way back from the speech, as Bose was requesting for funds for the Indian National Army (INA), the young girl gave away all her jewellery to him. With little faith in the judgement of a 16-year old, Bose went to her house to return the jewellery, only for the gesture to be rejected both by Rajamani’s fierce insistence and her father’s encouragement to support the INA. It was this generous step that led Bose to name her ‘Saraswathi’, which means ‘wealth’.

Impressed by Saraswathi’s dedication to the cause of obtaining freedom from the British, Bose recruited her into the INA, making her the youngest person, as well as the first woman spy, to have joined the INA’s intelligence wing. Saraswathi Rajamani was bestowed with the opportunity to investigate government orders and convey any message from the British military to the INA. She would be disguised as a young boy under the name of ‘Mani’. While she performed her duty well, there came an instance wherein she was forced to disregard the rule of not getting caught when her friend was captured by the British. Rajamani dressed as a dancing girl to enter the British camp, drugged the British officer, and rescued her partner.

She did, however, get shot in the leg in her attempt to escape. Far from allowing this to slow her down, Rajamani continued to run, even climbed a tree and camped there for three days whilst the British conducted a search operation. Instead of letting the limp get the best of her otherwise fiery spirit, Rajamani wore it as a beloved souvenir of her days as a spy. However, as it often happens, her important role as a member of Bose’s army soon slipped into oblivion…

For the most part, Rajamani stayed alone in an old house in Chennai with hardly any savings as her family had given away almost everything they had to the freedom struggle. It was only in 2005 that J. Jayalalitha, the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, offered her a different house to live in, which Rajamani adorned with photos of Netaji. Despite her old age, her faith in the nation did not wither. She also made sure to give back to society by collecting fabric scraps from tailors and donating hand-sewn clothes to old age homes and orphanages. Additionally, her philanthropic spirit is evident in the fact that in 2006, she donated her dismal pension to the relief fund established for those who were affected by the tsunami.

It is indeed a tragedy that such a strong (and badass!) personality has been allowed to be forgotten. There is scarce information available on her life, very few details on the nature of her work and how she contributed to it. A rare gem, Saraswathi Rajamani proved very early on in life that she was a warrior who would fight endlessly for what she deemed important with unmatched determination. One can only hope to take inspiration from her and learn from her example the confidence it takes to stand up for your principles

Dr. Radha Binod Pal

Does anyone in India know this piece of history? 

Answer must be a firm "No" from most of us! Now please read on. 

Remembered in  Japan, forgotten in India........ 

The day was 12 November, 1948. Tokyo Trials are going on in a huge garden house on the outskirts of Tokyo, the trial of fifty-five Japanese war criminals including Japan's then Prime Minister Tojo, after losing WWII. 

Of these, twenty-eight people have been identified as Class-A (crimes against peace) war criminals. If proved, the only punishment is the "death penalty". 

Eleven international judges from all over the world are announcing......"Guilty".... "Guilty"...... "Guilty"......... Suddenly one thundered, "Not Guilty!"

A silence came down in the hallway. Who was this lone dissenter?

His name was Radha Binod Pal a Judge from India.

Born in 1886 in the Kumbh of East Bengal, his mother made a living by taking care of a household and their cow. For feeding the cow, Radha used to take the cow to the land near a local primary school.

When the teacher taught in school, Radha used to listen from outside. One day the school inspector came to visit the school from the city. He asked some questions of the students after entering the class. Everyone was silent. Radha said from outside the classroom window.... "I know the answer to all your questions."  And he answered all the questions one by one. Inspector said... "Wonderful!.. Which class do you read?"

The answer came, "... I do not read...I graze a cow." 

Everyone was shocked to hear that. Calling the head teacher, the school inspector instructed the boy to take admission in school as well as provide some stipend.

This is how education of Radha Binod Pal started. Then after passing the school final with the highest number in the district, he was admitted to Presidency College. After taking M Sc. from the University of Calcutta, he studied law again and got the Doctorate title. In the context of choosing the opposite of two things he once said, "law and mathematics are not so different after all.”

Coming back again to the International Court of Tokyo. 

In his convincing argument to the rest of the jurists he signified that the Allies, (winners of WWII), also violated the principles of restraint and neutrality of international law. In addition to ignoring Japan's surrender hints, they killed two hundred thousand innocent people using nuclear bombardment.

The judges were forced to drop many of the accused from Class-A to B, after seeing the logic written on twelve hundred thirty-two pages by Radha Binod Pal. These Class-B war criminals were saved by him from a sure death penalty. His verdict in the international court gave him and India a world-famous reputation.

Radha Binod Pal is described as the modern father of International Humanitarian Law. He was the Head of the Department of Law Calcutta University. He was persuaded not to write this judgement and was offered the first President of International Court of Justice. But he refused and wrote the Judgement. A great legal luminary.

Japan respects this great man. In 1966 Emperor Hirohito awarded him the highest civilian honor of the country, 'Kokko Kunsao'. Two busy roads in Tokyo and Kyotto have been named after him. His verdict has been included in the syllabus of law studies there. In front of the Supreme Court of Tokyo, his statue has been placed. In 2007, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe expressed his desire to meet his family members in Delhi and met his son.

Dr. Radha Binod Pal (27 January 1886 - 10 January 1967) name is remembered in the history of Japan. In Tokyo, Japan, he has a museum and a statue in Yasukuni shrine. 

Japan University has a research center in his name. Because of his judgment on Japanese war criminals, Chinese people hate him. 

He is the author of many books related to law. In India, almost nobody knows him and perhaps not even his neighbors know him! A hindi movie was made on him, Tokyo Trials, starring Irfan Khan but that movie never made headlines.

....just one of the many many underrated & unknown Indians.

Mathura Pillar

1500 years ild iron pillar of Chandragupta Vikramaditya at Qutb Complex,  Mehrauli, Delhi 

The pillar is made up of rust resistant iron .

As per Sir Alexander Cunningham, the iron pillar was brought to Delhi by Tomar Dynasty King Anangpal between 9th Century & 12th Century A.D and was originally placed at Mathura

.

Islamic organizations

 How many organizations are working to make the whole world a Muslim.? Let's know. 

1) Al-Shabab (Africa),

2) Al Murabitun (Africa),

3) Al-Qaeda (Afghanistan),

4) Al-Qaeda (Islamic Maghreb),

5) Al-Qaeda (Indian Subcontinent),

6) Al-Qaeda (Arabian Peninsula),

7) Hamas (Palestine),

8) Palestinian Islamic Jihad (Palestine),

9) Popular Front for the Liberation of (Palestine),

10) Hezbollah (Lebanon),

11) Ansar Al-Sharia-Benghazi (Lebanon),

12) Asbat Al-Ansar (Lebanon),

13) ISIS (Iraq),

14) ISIS (Syria),

15) ISIS (fungus)

16) ISIS (Libya)

17) ISIS (Yemen)

18) ISIS (Algeria),

19) ISIS (Philippines)

20) Jund al-Sham (Afghanistan),

21) Maurabitau (Lebanon),

22) Al Abdullah Azam Brigades (Lebanon),

23) Al-Etihad Al-Islamia (Somalia),

24) Al-Harmain Foundation (Saudi Arabia),

25) Ansar-al-Sharia (Morocco),

26) Morocco Mudzadine (Morocco),

27) Salfia Jihadia (Morocco),

28) Boko Haram (Africa),

29) Islamic Movement of (Uzbekistan),

30) Islamic Jihad Union (Uzbekistan),

31) Islamic Jihad Union (Germany),

32) DRW True-Religion (Germany)

33) Fajr Nusantara Movement (Germany)

34) DIK Hildesium (Germany)

35) Jaish-e-Muhammad (Kashmir),

36) Jaish Al-Muhajirin Wal-Ansar (Syria),

37) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (Syria),

38) Jamaat Al Dawa Al Quran (Afghanistan),

39) Jundallah (Iran)

40) Quds Force (Iran)

41) Kata ' ib Hezbollah (Iraq),

42) Al-Etihad Al-Islamia (Somalia),

43) Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Egypt),

44) Jund Al-Sham (Jordan)

45) Fajr Nusantara Movement (Australia)

46) Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage (Terror Funding, Worldwide Offices)

47) Taliban (Afghanistan),

48) Taliban (Pakistan),

49) Tehreek-i-Taliban (Pakistan),

50) Army of Islam (Syria),

51) Islamic Movement (Israel)

52) Ansar Al Sharia (Tunisia),

53) Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environment of (Jerusalem),

54) Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (Libya),

55) Movement for Veness and Jihad in (West Africa),

56) Palestinian Islamic Jihad (Palestine)

57) Taweed-Salem (Al-Quds Army)

58) Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (Morrocco),

59) Caucasus Emirates (Russia),

60) Dukhtaran-e-Millat Feminist Islamists (India),

61) Indian Mujahideen (India),

62) Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen (India)

63) Ansar Al-Islam (India)

64) Students Islamic Movement of (India),

65) Act Mujahideen (India),

66) Hizbul Mujadeen (India)

67) Lashkar e Islam (India)

68) Jund al-Khilafah (Algeria),

69) Turkistan Islamic Party,

70) Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Egypt),

71) Great Eastern Islamic Raider s' Front (Turkey),

72) Act-ul-Jihad Al-Islami (Pakistan),

73) Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Pakistan),

74) Lashkar e Toiba (Pakistan)

75) Lashkar e Jhangvi (Pakistan)

76) Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat (Pakistan)

77) Jamaat ul-Ehrar (Pakistan),

78) Act-ul-Mujahideen (Pakistan),

79) Jamaat ul-Furqan (Pakistan),

80) Act-ul-Mujahideen (Syria),

81) Ansar Al-Din Front (Syria),

82) Jabhat Fateh Al-Sham (Syria),

83) Jamaah Anshorut Daulah (Syria),

84) Nour Al-Din Al-Zenki Movement (Syria),

85) Liwa Al-Haqq (Syria),

86) Al-Tawheed Brigade (Syria),

87) Jund Al-Aqsa (Syria),

88) Al-Tawheed Brigade (Syria),

89) Yermuk Martiers Brigade (Syria),

90) Khalid Ibn Al-Walid Army (Syria),

91) Hizb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (Afghanistan),

92) Jamaat-ul-Ehrar (Afghanistan)

93) Hizb Ut-Tahrir (Worldwide Caliphate),

94) Hizbul Mujahideen (India),

95) Ansar Allah (Yemen),

96) Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development (USA),

97) Jamat Mujahideen (India),

98) Jamah Anshrut Tawheed (Indonesia),

99) Hizbut Tahrir (Indonesia),

100) Fajr Nusantara Movement (Indonesia),

101) Jemah Islamiah (Indonesia),

102) Jemah Islamiah (Philippines),

103) Jemah Islamiah (Singapore),

104) Jemah Islamiah (Thailand),

105) Jemah Islamiah (Malaysia),

106) Ansar Dine (Africa),

107) Osbat Al-Ansar (Palestine),

108) Hizb ul-Tahrir (Group Connecting Islamic Caliphates Across The World Into One World Islamic Caliphates)

109) Army of the Man of the Naqshbandi Order (Iraq)

110) Al Nusra Front (Syria),

111) Al-Badr (Pakistan),

112) Islam 4 UK (UK),

113) Al Ghurba (UK),

114) Call to Submission (UK),

115) Islamic Path (UK),

116) London School of Sharia (UK),

117) Muslims Against Crusades (UK),

118) Need 4 Khilafah (UK),

119) The Sharia Project (UK),

120) The Islamic Dawah Association (UK),

121) The Sawyer Sect (UK),

122) Jamaat ul-Furqan (UK),

123) Minbar Ansar Deen (UK),

124) Al-Muhajiron (UK) (Lee Rigby, London 2017 Members),

125) Islamic Council of Britain (UK) (not to be confused with official Muslim Council of Britain),

126) Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamah (UK),

128) Al-Gama ' a (Egypt),

129) Al-Islamiyya (Egypt),

130) Armed Islamic Man of (Algeria),

131) Salafist Group for Call and Combat (Algeria),

132) Ansaru (Algeria),

133) Ansar-al-Sharia (Libya),

134) Al Ittihad Al Islamia (Somalia),

135) Ansar Al-Sharia (Tunisia),

136) Shabab (Africa),

137) Al-Aqsa Foundation (Germany)

138) Al-Aqsa Martier s' Brigades (Palestine),

139) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines),

140) Aden-Abayan Islamic Army (Yemen),

141) Ajnad Egypt (Egypt),

142) Abu Nidal Organization (Palestine),

143) Jamaah Anshrut Tawheed (Indonesia)

 Many leaders of our country say that, many people wrongly defame Islam. All these Islamic organizations written above are engaged in the establishment of peace. 

What is the meaning of such thinking.? This is mental disability. 

You are requested to send this page to as many people as possible and let them know the truth.